The monks also had the support of the Popes and did not have to pay tithes(↓十分の一税) on their produce, giving them a comparative advantage which led to a ready surplus on their accounts.
A couple decades later, Charlemagne's fourth wife Luitgard was said to be displeased with red wine drippings on the white beard of the king and ordered that a section of the hill be pulled up and replanted with white grape varieties—a section that is today known as Corton-Charlemagne.
These beers were often thick, more of a gruel than a drink, and drinking straws were used by the Sumerians(シュメール人) to avoid the bitter solids left over from fermentation.(←おいこれマジか...) Though beer was drunk in Ancient Rome, it was replaced in popularity by wine.
The Romans looked for hillside terrain(地形) in regions near a river and an important town. Their knowledge of the sciences included the tendency for cold air to flow down a hillside and to pool in frost pockets in the valley. As these are poor conditions under which to grow grapes, they were avoided in favor of sunny hillsides that could provide sufficient warmth to ripen grapes, even in northerly areas.
Vine trellising(仕立て) according to the Pfälzer Kammerbau(カマーバウ) system traditional to the Palatinate, where it was widely used until the 18th century. In an all-wooden version (without the steel wires), this system is supposed to date back to Roman times.
The Mosel wine of the Roman period was described as light bodied and "austere". It was said to be an easier drinking wine than that of other Roman areas. In the winter time, the wine was heated in a kettle and drunk like a tea (a practice that still has some tradition among modern vineyard workers who drink it like coffee,[clarification needed] often with a little sugar added).
When the Romans seized Massalia(現・仏マルセイユ) in 125 BC, they pushed farther inland and westward. They founded the city of Narbonne(ナルボンヌ) in 118 BC (in the modern-day Languedoc region) along the Via Domitia(ドミティア街道), the first Roman road in Gaul. The Romans established lucrative trading relations with local tribes of Gaul, despite their potential to produce wine of their own. The Gallic tribes(ガリア人の部族) paid high prices for Roman wine, with a single amphora worth the value of a slave.[6]
Despite military hostilities, the neighboring Germanic tribes like the Alamanni(アレマン人) and Franks(フランク人) were eager customers for German wine until a 5th-century edict forbade(禁止) the sale of wine outside of Roman settlements. Wine historian Hugh Johnson believes this might have been an added incentive for the barbarian invasions and sacking(略奪) of Roman settlements such as Trier—"an invitation to break down the door."[13]
Even before Roman times, the Treveri(トレヴェラー族) had developed trade, agriculture and metal-working. They had adopted a money-based economy based upon silver coins, aligned with the Roman denarius(銀貨), along with cheaper bronze or bronze-lead coins. Trade goods made their way to the Treveri from Etruria(エトルリア人) and the Greek world; monetary evidence suggests strong trade links with the neighbouring Remi(レミ族↓). Iron ore(鉄鉱石) deposits(の鉱床≒採掘できる場所) in Treveran territory were heavily worked and formed part of the basis for the area's wealth.[77]
The reasons for planting Rhineland were to cater to the growing demand of Roman soldiers along the Limes Germanicus (German frontier) and the high costs associated with importing wine from Rome, Spain or Bordeaux.
How does the stream color its trickling(したたる) floods with a shimmering(輝く) glow when Hesperus(宵の明星)' twilight shadows weave(織りなす) into the glowing evening glow(輝き). How the Moselle decorates itself so finely in the bright green of its hills. How the crests(模様) swing in the waves, glistening(光る) with golden light. From afar(遠く), the vine leaves tremble(揺れる) in the sight of the emitting(放つ) embers(残り火), and the grape glistens(キラキラ輝く) swelling(腫れる≒育つ) in the mirror of crystalline(クリスタルのような) tide(波).
Gratian liked and respected his tutor, and when he himself became emperor in 375 he began bestowing on Ausonius and his family the highest civil honors. That year Ausonius was made Praetorian Prefect of Gaul, campaigned against the Alemanni and received as part of his booty(≒戦利品) a slave-girl, Bissula (to whom he addressed a poem),
Bissula (flourished in 4th century AD) was an Alemannic woman in the 4th century. She was captured by the Romans in 368 at a young age, and became a slave of the Roman poet Ausonius. Ausonius fell deeply in love with Bissula, and released her from slavery. He wrote a poem on her, de Bissula ("About Bissula"), which he sent to his friend Paulus.
